Recognizing the signs. Understanding the risks. Supporting your pet.

Just like in people, your pet’s kidneys perform essential tasks that help regulate their entire body. These two small but powerful organs help remove waste, manage hydration and electrolyte levels, regulate blood pressure, and produce the hormones needed for red blood cell production. They also play a role in activating vitamin D for use throughout the body.

When the kidneys stop functioning properly, serious health consequences can follow. Kidney failure in pets can develop gradually or occur suddenly—and in both cases, early detection and timely treatment are critical. At Boundary Bay Veterinary Specialty Hospital (BBVSH), Bellingham, our board-certified internal medicine specialists and 24/7 emergency team are trained and equipped to manage even the most serious kidney-related conditions.

Types and Causes of Kidney Failure in Pets

There are two primary forms of kidney failure in pets: chronic kidney failure and acute kidney failure. While both impact the kidneys’ ability to function properly, they differ in how they develop, how they’re treated, and what outcomes to expect.

Chronic Kidney (Renal) Failure

Chronic kidney failure involves a gradual decline in kidney function over a period of weeks, months, or even years. It is most common in middle-aged and senior pets and is typically linked to the natural aging process and degeneration of kidney tissue.

Although chronic kidney disease (CKD) cannot usually be reversed, it can often be successfully managed with medical treatment, diet, and supportive care—allowing many pets to maintain a good quality of life for months or even years after diagnosis.

Potential causes of chronic kidney disease include:

• Kidney infections or blockages that don’t result in immediate failure but gradually reduce kidney function over time
• High blood pressure, thyroid disorders, or certain cancers
• Dental disease, a leading contributor to chronic kidney problems in older dogs. Bacteria from the mouth can enter the bloodstream during eating or drinking and impair kidney function over time

Because symptoms can be subtle at first, regular veterinary exams are critical for catching this condition early.

Acute Kidney (Renal) Failure

Acute kidney failure is characterized by a sudden and significant decrease in kidney function over the course of hours or days. It can affect pets of any age and is considered a medical emergency.

When diagnosed and treated promptly, acute kidney failure can often be reversed.

Common causes of acute kidney failure include:

• Poisons, which are the most frequent cause of acute renal failure. These include:
  • Antifreeze
  • Toxic plants like lilies
  • Pesticides, cleaning fluids, and snake bites
  • Certain human medications, including ibuprofen—even a single tablet can be dangerous
• Trauma, especially injuries that involve a broken pelvis or ruptured bladder
• Shock or rapid fluid loss due to bleeding, overheating, extreme activity, vomiting, or diarrhea
• Infection in the kidneys, such as Leptospirosis, a serious bacterial disease
• Blockages that restrict blood flow into or urine flow out of the kidney—such as in male cats with urethral obstruction
• Heart failure accompanied by low blood pressure, which reduces blood supply to the kidneys

Because of its rapid onset, early recognition and veterinary care are essential to achieving a positive outcome in cases of acute kidney failure.

Signs and Symptoms of Kidney Failure in Pets

Kidney failure can present with a wide range of symptoms—many of which may seem mild or nonspecific early on. If your pet is showing one or more of the following signs, prompt veterinary attention is important:

• Weight loss
• Vomiting or diarrhea (possibly with blood)
• Pale gums or signs of anemia
• Bad breath with a chemical or ammonia-like smell
• Increased or decreased thirst and urination
• Loss of appetite
• Mouth ulcers
• Blood in the urine
• Lethargy, depression, or reduced activity
• Loss of balance or stumbling
• Seizures

In cases of acute kidney failure, your pet may also exhibit a stiff-legged walk or arched back, indicating kidney pain.

How Is Kidney Disease in Pets Treated?

Treatment for kidney disease depends on the underlying cause, the severity of damage, and whether the condition is acute or chronic. In cases of acute kidney failure, damage may be reversible if diagnosed and treated quickly. Chronic kidney disease, on the other hand, causes permanent damage to the kidneys and typically requires long-term management.

Your veterinarian will begin by addressing any immediate concerns such as chemical poisoning, dehydration, trauma, or infection. From there, your pet’s treatment plan may include:

• Fluid therapy (often delivered via IV) to support hydration and kidney function
• Medications to stimulate urine production
• Electrolyte supplementation to restore chemical balance in the bloodstream
• Drugs to reduce nausea, vomiting, or gastrointestinal upset
• Dialysis, in select cases where kidney function is critically impaired
• Dietary changes, including prescription renal diets to reduce kidney workload
• Blood pressure regulation
• Medications for anemia, which can develop as kidney function declines

Because some damage cannot be reversed, especially in chronic cases, early detection and supportive care are essential to slow disease progression and preserve quality of life. Your veterinary team will help determine which therapies are most appropriate based on your pet’s condition and response to care.

Prevention and Early Detection of Kidney Disease in Pets

While not all kidney disease can be prevented, many acute cases are avoidable with the right precautions:

• Keep pets away from toxins, including antifreeze, human medications, and toxic plants like lilies
• Vaccinate for leptospirosis, especially for pets with outdoor exposure
• Avoid feeding harmful foods like grapes and raisins
• Practice routine dental care to reduce bacterial load that can affect the kidneys
• Provide a balanced, species-appropriate diet
• Watch for early signs—like increased thirst, changes in urination, or weight loss
• Schedule annual or twice-yearly wellness exams, especially for senior pets

Chronic Kidney Disease and Genetics

Chronic kidney failure is often age-related and influenced by genetics, making it harder to prevent. Inherited kidney disease can sometimes be avoided through responsible breeding practices. Still, regular veterinary checkups are the most effective way to identify early changes in kidney function and begin treatment before symptoms progress.

We’re Here to Help

Kidney failure is a life-threatening condition, and early action can make a meaningful difference. At Boundary Bay Veterinary Specialty Hospital, our board-certified internal medicine specialists and emergency care team are here to support your pet every step of the way—from diagnosis to long-term management.

If your pet is showing signs of kidney dysfunction or you’re concerned about their health, please don’t wait. We’re here to provide the care your pet needs.